![]() ![]() One way to reduce temporary hardness such as calcium ions is by boiling or by the addition of calcium hydroxide (lime), but is not often used. ![]() Here is an example of what happens:Ĭa 2 +(aq)+2HCO 3 −(aq) → CaCO 3(s) + H 2O + CO 2 Other way to form precipitation is when hard water attains high temperatures its inorganic compounds such as calcium carbonate precipitates leaving a deposited coating in water pipes or over boilers. These precipitations are the responsible of a dirty or grayish white and low efficiency in cleaners. The way precipitation is formed is when inorganic compounds in presence of high molecular organic compounds (such as soaps) produce undesirable insoluble precipitation. This is important when water is used for industrial process or cleaning purposes. It is considered hard water when this inorganic compound exceed the 100 mg/L approximated, and it is usually expressed as the amount of calcium carbonate present in water. The presence of high levels of carbonates and bicarbonates in water is denominated as temporary hardness of water. Hard water is the term used in relation with high amount of inorganic compounds such as carbonates, bicarbonates, sulfates or chlorides in water. It is also used as a food additive (non toxic), as a drug development and chalk production. Na 2CO 3 common uses are in glass making, pulp and paper industry, sodium chemicals (silicates), soap and detergent production, paper industry and water softener.Ĭalcium Carbonate is the principal constituent of limestone (a sedimentary rock) and its pure state is obtained in three steps by the calcination of limestone and subsequent reaction with water and carbon dioxide.Ĭa(OH) 2(s) + CO 2(aq) → CaCO 3 (s) + H 2O(l)Ĭalcium Carbonate common uses are in glass, textile, paint, paper and plastic production, caulks industry, to produce ink and sealant. ![]() It is mainly obtained by a method named Solvay process by the chemical reaction of limestone (CaCO3) and sodium chloride (NaCl). Sodium Carbonate, known as soda ash, is a very important industrial chemical. Other carbonates such as Beryllium Carbonate (BeCO 3) and Tallium Carbonate (Tl 2CO 3) are consider toxic and are used in fungicides and poison manufacture.įrom main group elements Sodium Carbonate (\(Na_2CO_3\)) and Calcium Carbonate (\(CaCO_3\)) are the most used. The main uses of carbonates is as raw materials in different industrial processes such as drug development, glass making, pulp and paper industry, sodium chemicals (silicates), soap and detergent production, paper industry, water softener, clay and concrete production, among others. Its regular physical appearance is of a white powder. Usually all carbonates are soluble in acid, because of the formation of bicarbonate ion. All main group carbonates, except Na, K, Rb and Cs are unstable to heat and insoluble in water. In general, the most common main group elements used as carbonates are the Alkali and Alkaline metals. ![]()
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